Math Magic...

1 x 8 + 1 = 9
12 x 8 + 2 = 98
123 x 8 + 3 = 987
1234 x 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 x 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 x 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 x 8 + 9 = 987654321

1 x 9 + 2 = 11
12 x 9 + 3 = 111
123 x 9 + 4 = 1111
1234 x 9 + 5 = 11111
12345 x 9 + 6 = 111111
123456 x 9 + 7 = 1111111
1234567 x 9 + 8 = 11111111
12345678 x 9 + 9 = 111111111
123456789 x 9 +10= 1111111111

9 x 9 + 7 = 88
98 x 9 + 6 = 888
987 x 9 + 5 = 8888
9876 x 9 + 4 = 88888
98765 x 9 + 3 = 888888
987654 x 9 + 2 = 8888888
9876543 x 9 + 1 = 88888888
98765432 x 9 + 0 = 888888888

Brilliant, isn't it?

And finally, take a look at this symmetry:

1 x 1 = 1
11 x 11 = 121
111 x 111 = 12321
1111 x 1111 = 1234321
11111 x 11111 = 123454321
111111 x 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 x 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 x 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 x 111111111=12345678987654321

Difference Between Gateway and Router

Connecting to the internet requires a few steps that are totally hidden from the user. There are two things that your computer must know in order to contact the server hosting the files. One is the DNS server which would resolve the domain name into the equivalent IP address, the second is the gateway or the point in your network that is connected to the internet. Commonly, a network gateway is a role that is fulfilled by your router. A router is a device that controls the flow of data from one network to another; or in most cases, from a local network to the internet.

The function of a gateway can be performed by hardware, as in the case of routers, or software. An example of a software gateway is when you use Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) in Windows in order to share your internet connection to multiple computers without the use of a router. The computer that is connected to the internet acts as a gateway and all communications are sent through that computer. A gateway doesn’t only relay information across networks, it also performs the conversion of protocols along the 7 layers of the OSI model. It is also responsible for Network Access Translation or NAT in order to deliver the packets to its destination.

All the functionalities of a gateway have been built into routers for a considerable period of time. Advances in microchip technologies have increased enough that all the algorithms required to have a fully functional gateway can be placed into a few microchips that is then included into most routers. A common modern router has the basic features of a router, a wireless base station, a gateway, and a switch all rolled into one device that is about the size of a book. The prices of routers for sale in the market differ with the features that it has. Some routers have advanced gateway features and cost more while some don’t have it and cost less. It would just depend on the user on which one suits his needs.

Routers present a quick and easy to implement an internet gateway, regardless of what its extra features are. But for those people whose networks carry a lot of traffic, most routers cannot cope with the amount of data that flows through it. Other options would be to install a router OS into a computer and let it act as the router and gateway. Using this method allows the administrator a lot more freedom and flexibility in configuring his router and gateway.

Difference Between Router and Hub

Hubs are old network devices that have been replaced by switches. As such, they basically function in the same manner, connecting multiple computers and allowing the flow of data across these computers. Routers, on the other hand, are simplified computers that can control the flow of data that passes through it.

Routers come in many shapes and sizes; the most common nowadays is the set-top device that is just about the same size as a switch or a hub. It is the cheapest and most convenient set-up to use but is also the one with the most minimal amount of features. Routers are usually placed in between your local network and the Internet; this is to ensure that all traffic that goes in and out of the network passes through the router since most routers also have built-in security measures that help protect your network. Features like Firewalls keep the network secure by rejecting invalid or suspicious packets. Another key feature that routers commonly have is Port Forwarding. Port Forwarding allows you to indicate which computers should receive packets that use a certain port. This is very essential especially when you are running multiple services on different computers in the same network.

A hub is simply a layer device that allows computers to send information to each other; they do not have any installed software that could be configured or set-up. Hubs are plug and play devices that would work right out of the box as long as all the computers connected to it are configured correctly. Hubs have been phased out in favor of the more advanced switches due to a couple of disadvantages. The first is that computers connected to a hub compete for the available bandwidth and is oftentimes becomes a bottleneck when users send or receive large amounts of data. The problem is negligible in very small numbers of computers but becomes very apparent as more computers are attached to the network. The second problem is collision, that occurs when two or more computers transmit data at the same time. Since hubs do not have the capability to transmit multiple packets at the same time, it needs to monitor whenever a collision occurs and correct it in order to maintain data integrity. Switches do not have these problems, thus it has replaced the hub in most areas.

Routers and the switches, the replacement of hubs, are very important components of a network; routers for connecting your network to the internet, and switches for connecting your computers to each other and your router.

Difference Between WIFI modem and WIFI router

WIFI MODEM vs WIFI ROUTER

It has been a long time that digital communication has advanced to a point where a physical connection is not anymore a requirement. Computer networks are now possible without the awkward cables and wires. We are now in the wireless age of digital communications ,connecting to a network is now done with radio signals.

With wireless systems, you can connect on a Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), and the Internet without the physical connection of wires like UTP cables for instance.

Because of this new technology, new kinds of hardware emerged. It is very common nowadays to hear a “wifi” prefix in various hardware. “Wifi” meaning “wireless fidelity” basically means that the piece of equipment is compatible with the technology.

There are now wireless ready LAN cards and USB devices that receive and transmit radio waves and perhaps the most commonly known wireless devices are wifi modems and wifi routers.

A wireless modem is a device that is able to connect to a wireless network as provided by an ISP. When you connect your computer to a wireless modem, you can now have access to internet when a signal from your ISP is present. You can actually have internet connectivity anywhere a signal is present.

Since it is, in essence, a modem, it functions similar to its wired counterpart. It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. Modem stands for ìModulator/Demodulatorî and thatís the primary role of the device but only wireless.

Wifi routers are devices that perform the same functions of a normal router only wirelessly. They forward data packets along networks and they connect different networks and act as a gateway. Wifi routers can connect two LANS or WANs, LAN and WAN, or LAN and the internet.

Routers are smart devices that determine the best path for forwarding the data packets. When data is sent from one network to another, routers oversee this activity and direct the data packets to the correct location using the best path possible. With the wireless features, wifi routers can carry out it basic function through radio signals alone.

Some wifi modems are equipped with routing capabilities which can be wireless or wired or both. In the future, there will be no practical need for cables anymore and all wifi modems will also have wifi router functions.

Summary:

1. Wifi modems essentially play the role of modulating and demodulating wireless signals. Wifi routers are devices that let you connect to a wireless network, usually LAN, without any signal modulating and demodulating features.

2. Wifi routers have the capability to determine the best path to take and direct data packets to the correct nodes. Wifi modems, on the other hand, do not care about routing functions; they are just there to make signals readable.

3. Wifi routers help your wireless compatible device to connect to an existing network which is usually LAN. Wifi modems enable your device (e.g. laptop) to accept a radio signal which is provided by your ISP to connect to the internet.

Difference Between Modem and Router

Modem vs Router

When subscribing to an ISP, they would usually provide you with a box that connects to your phone line and to your computer. This box is usually both a router and a modem. A modem is a device that negotiates the connection with your ISP through your telephone line while a router is a device that is used to connect two networks together, in this case your network to your modem.

Traditionally modems were stand alone devices that can be connected straight to your computer or to a router. It connects to the router via the standard RJ45 and with the telephone line via the smaller RJ11. Its job is simply to translate data from one protocol to another since telephone lines do not use the same signaling and transmission methods that are used in computer networks. Because of this, data isn’t being screened by the modem and any potential threat would still go through to your network.

Routers only use RJ45 since it is understood that it would only connect to computer networks. Its job is to examine a data packet and determine where it should go; it chooses the route the data should take, thus the name router. It is in a router where firewalls are implemented in order to screen out potential attacks or threats that might try to gain access to your network.

You should know that modems are the means to connect to the internet and without modems the internet would not exist. Routers on the other hand, are not really essential for internet communication. It is still possible to connect to the internet without routers just like in the old days with internal PCI modems. But you should remember that the main job of the router is to protect you from possible threats and malware, and this shouldn’t be taken very lightly.

Summary:

1. A router is used to connect two or more networks while a modem is used to connect to a phone line
2. A router only connects to RJ45 connectors while modems need an RJ45 and an RJ11 for the phone line
3. A router provides security measures to protect your network but a modem does not
4. A modem is essential to connect to the internet while a router isn’t

Setting Up Wireless Broadband Connection

Let’s talk about how to set up wireless broadband connection in this article. As you know nowadays you are not only able to set up wireless connection at home by using wireless access point or router, but also can subscribe wireless Internet connection service from wireless Internet service provider (WISP) to connect your laptop or several computers to Internet without the need of any phone line or other cable connection.

This is an alternative Internet connection for Cable, DSL, or dialup connection. Basically the WISP just make uses of 3G (UMTS, EDGE, HSPA, HSDPA, etc), 4G(Wimax) or other latest wireless technology to provide this kind of Internet service.

Here are common methods that you can connect to wireless Internet, let’s explore more here:

Portable USB or PCMCIA Wireless Broadband Modem

Wireless Broadband service setup - GPRS, GSM, 3G, HSPA, Wimax

What you will be provided is a USB or PCMCIA wireless broadband modem (usually is provided by service provider) that can be plug into your laptop or computer easily, and it works as modem to connect your laptop to Internet. Please note PCMCIA modem can be used on laptop only, but USB modem can be used on both laptop and desktop. The main advantage of this modem is you can bring it together with you laptop easily and connect everywhere in broadband coverage. The main drawback is only one laptop/computer can connect to internet at any time if you only have one modem.

USB or PCMCIA wireless broadband modem

It’s not difficult to set up, if it's plug-and-play (already pre-configured by service provider), you will be prompted and guided to install connection manager software and driver after plugging in the card (If not, installation CD will be provided). Once you have connection manager installed, you can use it to detect wireless broadband network and connect to Internet.

If it's not plug-and-play, you are probably required to make some minor configuration in connection manager by providing username, password, APN (Access Point Name) and SIM PIN code (if your modem contains SIM card), all this info are provided by service provider. Sometimes you are required to configure more network settings too.

Wireless Broadband Gateway

Wireless Broadband gateway or router network - GPRS, GSM, 3G, HSPA, Wimax

Ok, if you have several computers (equipped with normal wireless adapter) at home that need to connect to Internet at the same time, and would like to subscribe wireless Internet service for this purpose, check with WIPS to see whether they provide wireless broadband gateway with built-in modem that can provide 802.11b/g/n Wireless routing capability. If it’s available, then you can have several computers connect to this gateway with 802.11b/g/n wireless connection and access to Internet.

In order to use it, most of the times you need to do some configuration. On Internet setting, mostly likely you are required to configure username, password, APN (Access Point Name) and SIM PIN code (if your modem contains SIM card). On LAN setting, you need to configure the SSID, channel, connection mode, encryption key and DHCP, so that other computer can join wireless network successfully. If there are RJ45 network ports on gateway, you can have network cable connection from computers to gateway too.

Don't worry if you only have USB or PCMCIA wireless broadband modem, you can purchase Linksys WRT54G3G, Netgear 3G MBR624GU, D-Link DIR-451 or other wireless broadband routers to share Internet connection to other computers. Make sure that the router you plan to purchase supports your wireless broadband modem.

After reading this article, hopefully you now have better understanding on how to set up this broadband connection. If still having problem, always check with technical support from service provider in order to solve the problem.

Useful Run Commands

To Access…	Run Command
Accessibility Controls	access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard	accwiz
Add Hardware Wizard	hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs	appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools	control admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed)	acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed)	formdesigner
Adobe Distiller (if installed)	acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed)	imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed)	photoshop
Automatic Updates	wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard	fsquirt
Calculator	calc
Certificate Manager	certmgr.msc
Character Map	charmap
Check Disk Utility	chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer	clipbrd
Command Prompt	cmd
Component Services	dcomcnfg
Computer Management	compmgmt.msc
Control Panel	control
Date and Time Properties	timedate.cpl
DDE Shares	ddeshare
Device Manager	devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (if installed)*	directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter	dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility	cleanmgr
Disk Defragment	dfrg.msc
Disk Management	diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager	diskpart
Display Properties	control desktop
Display Properties	desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)	control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility	drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility	verifier
Event Viewer	eventvwr.msc
Files and Settings Transfer Tool	migwiz
File Signature Verification Tool	sigverif
Findfast	findfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed)	firefox
Folders Properties	folders
Fonts	control fonts
Fonts Folder	fonts
Free Cell Card Game	freecell
Game Controllers	joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)	gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game	mshearts
Help and Support	helpctr
HyperTerminal	hypertrm
Iexpress Wizard	iexpress
Indexing Service	ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard	icwconn1
Internet Explorer	iexplore
Internet Properties	inetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizard	inetwiz
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration)	ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)	ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)	ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)	ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)	ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)	ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)	ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)	ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (if installed)	jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (if installed)	javaws
Keyboard Properties	control keyboard
Local Security Settings	secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups	lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows	logoff
Malicious Software Removal Tool	mrt
Microsoft Access (if installed)	msaccess
Microsoft Chat	winchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed)	excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)	frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker	moviemk
Microsoft Paint	mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)	powerpnt
Microsoft Word (if installed)	winword
Microsoft Syncronization Tool	mobsync
Minesweeper Game	winmine
Mouse Properties	control mouse
Mouse Properties	main.cpl
Nero (if installed)	nero
Netmeeting	conf
Network Connections	control netconnections
Network Connections	ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard	netsetup.cpl
Notepad	notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (if installed)	nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager	packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator	odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard	osk
Opens AC3 Filter (if installed)	ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express	msimn
Paint	pbrush
Password Properties	password.cpl
Performance Monitor	perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor	perfmon
Phone and Modem Options	telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer	dialer
Pinball Game	pinball
Power Configuration	powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes	control printers
Printers Folder	printers
Private Character Editor	eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)	QuickTime.cpl
Quicktime Player (if installed)	quicktimeplayer
Real Player (if installed)	realplay
Regional Settings	intl.cpl
Registry Editor	regedit
Registry Editor	regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook	rasphone
Remote Desktop	mstsc
Removable Storage	ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests	ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)	rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras	sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks	control schedtasks
Security Center	wscui.cpl
Services	services.msc
Shared Folders	fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows	shutdown
Sounds and Audio	mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game	spider
SQL Client Configuration	cliconfg
System Configuration Editor	sysedit
System Configuration Utility	msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)	sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At The Next Boot)	sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot)	sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return Scan Setting To Default)	sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)	sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Sets Cache Size to size x)	sfc /cachesize=x
System Information	msinfo32
System Properties	sysdm.cpl
Task Manager	taskmgr
TCP Tester	tcptest
Telnet Client	telnet
Tweak UI (if installed)	tweakui
User Account Management	nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager	utilman
Windows Address Book	wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility	wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed)	ntbackup
Windows Explorer	explorer
Windows Firewall	firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier	magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure	wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player	wmplayer
Windows Messenger	msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)	wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool	syskey
Windows Update Launches	wupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows)	winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard	tourstart
Wordpad	write